Vegeation index, SIF and VPM model results

The data includes PAR, air temperature, EVI, LSWI, APAR and SIF. The parameters for the VPM model are also included

Origin spectra of N1s (A), S2p (C), O1s (E) and C1s (G) regions by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and deconvolution spectra of N1s (B), S2p (D), O1s (F) and C1s (H) for phage (blue), phage-sulfur composite (black) and sulfur nanoparticle (red).

<p>Origin spectra of N1s (A), S2p (C), O1s (E) and C1s (G) regions by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and deconvolution spectra of N1s (B), S2p (D), O1s (F) and C1s (H) for phage (blue), phage-sulfur composite (black) and sulfur nanoparticle (red).</p

TEM images for the structures of phage covered by the sulfur nanoparticle (size approximately 47 nm).

<p>A: magnification 13500×; B: magnification 46000×; C: magnification 64000× and negative staining with 0.5 % phosphotungstic acid.</p

Fourier transform infrared spectra of phage, sulfur nanoparticle and phage-sulfur composite.

<p>Fourier transform infrared spectra of phage, sulfur nanoparticle and phage-sulfur composite.</p

Charge–discharge curves of phage (A), sulfur nanoparticle (C) and phage-sulfur composite (E) and cycle performances of phage (B), sulfur nanoparticle (D) and phage-sulfur composite (F) at 0.1 C.

<p>Charge–discharge curves of phage (A), sulfur nanoparticle (C) and phage-sulfur composite (E) and cycle performances of phage (B), sulfur nanoparticle (D) and phage-sulfur composite (F) at 0.1 C.</p

Primers used for PCR amplification.

<p>(Restriction sites are underlined.)</p><p>Primers used for PCR amplification.</p

Plasmids for the expression of recombinant VP1 antigen and western blotting of expressed WCFS1-pSIP411-VP1 and NC8-pSIP411-VP1 proteins.

<p>(A) The pSIP411-VP1 plasmid was constructed as described in the article and the purple arrow stands for optimized VP1. (B) The VP1 proteins expressed in WCFS1-pSIP411-VP1 and NC8-pSIP411-VP1 were detected by western blotting. Lane 1: WCFS1-pSIP411 induced by SppIP; Lane 2: WCFS1-pSIP411-VP1 without inducer; Lane 3: WCFS1-pSIP411-VP1 induced by SppIP; Lane 4: NC8-pSIP411-VP1 induced by SppIP; Lane 5: FMDV as positive control; Lane 6: NC8-pSIP411-VP1 without inducer.; Lane 7: NC8-pSIP411 induced by SppIP. Abbreviations: sh71rep: replication origin for lactobacillus; ermL: erythromycin-resistance marker; PsppIP: inducible promoters; sppK: histidine protein kinase; sppR: response regulator.</p

Protection of guinea pigs (n = 5) against FMDV challenge.

<p>Severe symptoms were based on daily monitoring until 7 days post challenge (one guinea pig of each group was chosen to determine the proliferation of spleen lymphocytes and the number of remaining animals in each group was 5).</p><p>^a Guinea pigs were challenged on day 40. Animals showing FMD-compatible lesions only at the original injection site as primary vesicles were judged to be protected, and those showing any FMD clinical signs in the other three feet as second vesicles were judged to be unprotected.</p><p>Protection of guinea pigs (n = 5) against FMDV challenge.</p

Proliferation of guinea pigs PBMCs stimulated with FMDV.

<p>PBMCs isolated from guinea pigs 30 days after the first immunization were labeled with CFSE and stimulated in vitro with inactivated FMDV, ConA (positive control), or RPMI-1640 (negative control), and plated in three replicate cultures for 60 hours. Data were acquired with FCM and analyzed with CellQuest™ software. For determination of proliferation of CFSE-stained cells, 10,000 events were captured. Data are expressed as mean percentages of proliferated cells ± SD (n = 3). Abbreviations: CFSE, carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester; ConA, concanavalin A; FCM, flow cytometry; FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate; FMDV, foot-and-mouth disease virus; PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; RPMI-1640, Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640; SD, standard deviation.</p

Flow cytometry for percentages of lymphocyte subpopulations between experimental and control groups.

<p>Heparinized blood from immunized guinea pigs on day 30 were double-stained with anti-CD4-RPE and anti-CD8-FITC, or incubated with the corresponding isotype controls (RPE and FITC conjugated mouse IgG1 antibodies as negative controls) for 30 minutes at room temperature. CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells were analyzed as fluorescence profiles. Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3). Abbreviations: Ig, immunoglobulin; FITC, Fluorescein isothiocyanate; RPE, R. Phycoerythrin; SD, standard deviations.</p